Space, Satellites, and Democracy: Opportunities and Challenges in the New Space Age

The advent of the new space age, marked by rapid technological advancements and private sector investments, offers both remarkable opportunities and significant challenges for democracy worldwide. As Tristan Paci and Maurice Sayinzoga outline in their insightful report, satellite technology can empower democratic processes, but its unchecked development may exacerbate risks to privacy and human rights. Their analysis offers a critical roadmap for leveraging space capabilities to strengthen democratic values while mitigating potential dangers.

Satellites have transformed the ways governments and civil society engage in democratic work. With improved connectivity and real-time data, these technologies enable activities such as election monitoring, public infrastructure planning, and documentation of human rights abuses. For example, low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks now facilitate internet access in remote areas, bridging digital divides and empowering marginalized communities. In regions such as the Amazon rainforest, these networks have enabled indigenous populations to communicate with authorities and share vital information.

However, the democratization of satellite access brings new risks. Advanced imaging and data collection capabilities can be exploited by authoritarian regimes for surveillance and repression. LEO satellites, while technologically groundbreaking, often lack robust privacy safeguards, exposing sensitive data to interception. The potential for misuse by both state and non-state actors highlights the urgent need for governance frameworks that prioritize ethical and democratic principles.

Paci and Sayinzoga emphasize that outdated space governance frameworks struggle to address these challenges. While the United Nations’ Outer Space Treaty of 1967 provides foundational guidelines, the lack of modern, binding international agreements leaves significant regulatory gaps. Without updated rules, the rapid commercialization of space risks turning it into a domain dominated by profit-driven motives rather than collective human rights considerations.

To navigate these complexities, the authors recommend a multistakeholder approach involving governments, private companies, and civil society organizations. By fostering collaboration, these groups can develop adaptive policies that safeguard democratic principles. For instance, voluntary industry standards, such as the Artemis Accords, offer a promising step toward fostering responsible behavior in space. Meanwhile, human rights-focused impact assessments and transparency measures can help align commercial satellite operations with ethical practices.

The report also underscores the importance of inclusive global dialogue. Historically, space governance has been shaped predominantly by established spacefaring nations in the Global North. Expanding the participation of countries from the Global South in decision-making processes is essential to ensuring that space is treated as a shared resource for all humanity. Initiatives such as regional space agency forums and international summits can provide platforms for equitable representation.

As private sector actors continue to play a pivotal role in the space industry, their accountability becomes crucial. Companies like SpaceX and Amazon have revolutionized satellite deployment, but their influence also raises questions about corporate responsibility in global governance. The authors propose aligning industry practices with the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights to ensure that technological innovation serves democratic and humanitarian goals.

The stakes in this new space age are high. Without proactive action, space risks becoming a “closing space,” where authoritarian actors exploit advanced technologies to suppress freedoms. Yet, with the right policies and collaborations, satellites can serve as powerful tools for enhancing transparency, accountability, and human rights worldwide. As Paci and Sayinzoga conclude, the integration of ethical governance into space activities is not just a necessity—it is an opportunity to redefine humanity’s relationship with the final frontier.

Disclaimer: This blog post summarizes the key points of the document authored by Tristan Paci and Maurice Sayinzoga. It does not guarantee accuracy or serve as legal advice.